Thomas Edison is remembered as one of history's greatest inventors. His laboratory produced over 1,000 patented inventions, including early versions of the motion picture camera and improvements to the telegraph. But the invention most people associate with Edison — the practical electric light bulb — came only after years of failure.
Edison was not working alone. His laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, employed dozens of scientists, engineers, and technicians. By organizing a group of talented people around a shared goal, Edison created what some historians call the invention factory.
The challenge of the light bulb was finding a filament — a thin strand of material — that could glow brightly when electricity passed through it without burning out quickly.
Edison's team tested thousands of materials: metals, plant fibers, even human hair. Most filaments burned out within minutes. According to historical accounts, Edison reportedly tested more than 10,000 combinations before finding one that worked.
When asked about so many failures, Edison is reported to have said that he had not failed — he had found 10,000 ways that did not work. Each unsuccessful test brought him closer to understanding the problem.
In 1879, Edison's team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could burn for over 1,200 hours. Electricity could now light homes, streets, and factories reliably.
Edison's approach to failure — treating each setback as information rather than defeat — became as influential as his inventions. Scientists and engineers today still describe their work the way Edison did: not as a series of failures, but as a process of narrowing down possibilities until the solution becomes clear.
19. How do paragraphs 5 and 7 BOTH develop the idea that failure can be useful? Use details from BOTH paragraphs in your answer.
This question is worth 2 credits.